Table 2. Hydrodynamic diameters and zeta potentials of TiO₂ particles (T3, T4) dispersed with TBE or rutin trihydrate in DDW or MEM

Sample			Z-average size (nm)	Zeta potential (mV)
T3	DDW	T3 only	303.3±4.1^Aa	-35.8±0.2^a
		T3+TBE	316.2±0.5^Ac	-37.8±0.9^c
		T3+rutin	280.1±2.4^Ab	-30.4±0.6^c
	MEM	T3 only	454.6±2.5^Ba	-8.7±0.4^c
		T3+TBE	490.9±3.0^Bc	-10.4±1.3^a
		T3+rutin	407.0±5.1^Bb	-8.8±1.9^b
T4	DDW	T4 only	293.0±5.2^Aa	-37.4±0.7^a
		T4+TBE	310.8±0.9^Ac	-33.7±0.1^c
		T4+rutin	276.6±3.0^Ab	-30.7±0.8^b
	MEM	T4 only	412.2±2.4^Ba	-9.7±1.3^a
		T4+TBE	429.7±1.7^Bc	-10.3±1.7^a
		T4+rutin	372.4±7.8^Bb	-6.8±0.5^b

Different uppercase letters (A,B) next to the values denote significant differences in hydrodynamic diameters between TiO₂ dispersed in DDW and that in MEM (p<0.05). Different lowercase letters (a~c) next to the values indicate significant differences among TiO₂ only, TiO₂ with TBE, TiO₂ with rutin prepared in either DDW or MEM (p<0.05). TBE, Tartary buckwheat extract; DDW, distilled and deionized water; MEM, minimum essential medium.