Table 4. Comparative safety and functional profiles of Levilactobacillus brevis strains isolated from Korean fermented foods

Parameter KU15151 KU150061) KU151762)
Isolation source Chonggak kimchi Kimchi Cabbage kimchi
Antibiotic susceptibility (8 antibiotics)3) All susceptible All susceptible All susceptible
Acquired ARGs (ResFinder) Not detected Not detected Not detected
Virulence genes (VirulenceFinder) Not detected Not detected Not detected
β-Hemolysis - - -
Mucin degradation - - -
Gelatin liquefaction - - -
Urease / Indole / β-Glucuronidase - / - / - - / - / - - / - / -
Bile salt deconjugation - - -
Caco-2 cytotoxicity (MOI) None (250) None (25–100) None (250)
D-/L-Lactic acid (mM) 22.4 / 23.4 35.8 / 41.6 17.9 / 25.4
Biogenic amine (ppm) Tyramine (79.26) Tyramine (116.47) Putrescine (86.7)
Functional activity Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory Pathogen-antagonistic, antidiabetic Anti-cancer
Lee et al. (2025); Son et al. (2017).
Hwang et al. (2022); Kang et al. (2025b).
Ampicillin, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol; vancomycin not required (intrinsic). -, negative; ARGs, antibiotic resistance genes; MOI, multiplicity of infection.